Method and apparatus for performing computations using residue arithmetic

ABSTRACT

The subject invention pertains to a method and apparatus for performing computations using residue arithmetic. The subject method and apparatus can utilize logic gates for performing calculations such as multiplication by a constant, computing a number theoretic logarithm of a residue for a given base α i  and modulus p i , and computing the product of two residues, modulo p i . The use of logic gates can offer advantages when compared with the use of ROMs for table look-up functions in integrated Residue Number System digital signal processor implementations.

The subject invention was made with government support under a research project supported by the National Institutes Standards and Technology Cooperative Agreement No. F0NANB7H3021. The government may have certain rights in this invention.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The subject invention relates to a method and apparatus for performing computations using residue arithmetic. The subject method and apparatus can utilize the Residue Number System (RNS) to implement automatic computing machinery. The use of the RNS has been proposed in Garner, H. L., “The Residue Number System,” IRE Transactions on Electronic Computers, vol. EL-8, No. 6, June 1959, pp. 140-147, and Taylor, F. J., “Residue Arithmetic: A Tutorial with Examples,” IEEE Computer, vol. 17, No. 5, May 1984, pp. 50-61. The RNS is generally used to implement automatic computing machinery for digital signal processing. Digital signal processing (DSP) is dominated by the repetitive computation of sums of products. The RNS is well-suited to performing computations of this type, as demonstrated in Mellott, J. D., Lewis, M. P., Taylor, F. J., “A 2D DFT VLSI Processor and Architecture,” Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Atlanta, 1996, and Mellott, J. D., Smith, J. C., Taylor, F. J., “The Gauss Machine—A Galois-Enhanced Quadratic Residue Number System Systolic Array,” Proceedings of IEEE 11th Symposium on Computer Arithmetic, Windsor Ontario, 1993, pp. 156-162.

In the past, it has often been impractical to implement large-scale digital signal processors using a single semiconductor device due to the limitations of the amount of logic that can be placed on such a device. Instead, large-scale digital signal processors were typically implemented using discrete logic. The RNS is well-suited to this implementation methodology since its need for small adders and table lookup functions corresponds with the common availability of discretely packaged small adders and small programmable read-only memories (PROMs). An example of this implementation methodology is the Gauss Machine, discussed in the aforementioned reference by Mellott, et al. As it became possible to integrate large-scale digital signal processors onto a single semiconductor device, the methodology of using small adders and memories was carried forward. An example of such a digital signal processor is given by Smith, J. C., Taylor, F. J., “The Design of a Fault Tolerant GEQRNS Processing Element for Linear Systolic Array DSP Applications,” Proceedings of IEEE Great Lakes Symposium on VLSI, Notre Dame, Ind., 1994. Other examples of RNS digital signal processors can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,117,383 (Fujita et al.), issued May 26, 1992; U.S. Pat. No. 5,008,668 (Takayama, et al.), issued Apr. 16, 1991, U.S. Pat. No. 4,949,294 (Wambergue), issued Aug. 14, 1990; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,281,391 (Huang), issued Jul. 28, 1981.

The aforementioned examples disclose the use of ROMs for implementation of table lookup functions. For the small table lookup functions typically found in RNS digital signal processor implementations, ROMs are attractive because they are easy to program and have a known speed, area, and power characteristics. In contrast, the manual design of a collection of logic gates to realize a table lookup function can be a daunting task, and the speed, area, and power characteristics are generally not fully known until the time that the circuit is designed. Another feature associated with prior use of ROMs in integrated, as opposed to discrete, RNS digital signal processor implementations is that the ROMs offer favorable die area compared to other possible means of implementing small table lookups.

Prior techniques for performing computations using RNS suffer from one or more disadvantages related to the use of memories, usually ROMs, to implement table lookup functions. Some of these disadvantages include: memories with the required properties for use in RNS computations are not available in sufficient quantity in all ASIC implementation technologies; memories often contain analog circuitry that uses significant power even if there is no switching activity in the circuit; the analog circuitry found in most memory devices does not scale well into deep sub-micron semiconductor fabrication technologies; memories, since they are dependent upon analog circuits (e.g., differential amplifiers), can be more difficult to test than digital logic circuits, can require separate tests and test mechanisms than digital logic circuits, and are not generally compatible with leakage current (I_(DDQ)) test methodologies; there is little or no flexibility to optimize a memory with respect to one or more of speed, power, and area; memories can be difficult to pipeline, and in many implementation technologies there is no realistic option to pipeline memory; the size of the memory is typically fixed by the number of inputs and outputs, and is essentially independent of the contents of the memory; for reliability reasons, wires unrelated to a memory are not usually allowed to pass over a memory on a semiconductor device, such that the presence of many small memories on a semiconductor device, such as would be used in an apparatus to perform computations using the RNS, can impair the ability to connect various functions, both memory and non-memory, on the device.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The subject invention pertains to a method and apparatus for performing computations using the Residue Number System (RNS). In a specific embodiment, a plurality of logic gates can be utilized to implement computations using the RNS. In light of recent semiconductor device scaling and design methodology changes, the subject invention can offer advantages over the use of ROMs for small table lookup functions in integrated RNS digital signal processor implementations. Some of these advantages include: logic gates can scale down in size or power better than the analog portions of the ROM circuitry, for example the differential sense amplifier; for integrated RNS implementations, small table lookup functions implemented with gates require less die area than the same functions implemented with ROMs; in general, logic gates are compatible with quiescent current test methodologies, while memory devices are not compatible with quiescent, or leakage, current test methodologies (also known as I_(DDQ) testing); logic gates are generally scan testable whereas memory devices can require special test structures and are typically not directly compatible with scan test methodologies; and signal wires may be routed over logic gates, whereas most design methodologies do not allow signal wires to be routed over on-chip memories such that the presence of many small memories in a design may congest wire routing, potentially leading to higher design costs, slower circuit operation, greater power consumption, greater silicon die area consumption, and, thus, greater manufacturing cost.

The present invention can provide one or more of the following advantages: provide a means of implementing residue arithmetic computational circuitry with a reduced use of, or entirely without the use of, memories for table lookup operations so that the circuitry can be easily implemented using a variety of technologies, including, but not limited to, custom digital logic, standard cell logic, cell-based arrays of logic, gate arrays, field programmable gate arrays, and programmable logic devices; provide a means of implementing residue arithmetic computational circuitry that does not consume significant power in the absence of switching activity in the circuit; to provide a means of implementing residue arithmetic computational circuitry that scales directly into deep sub-micron semiconductor fabrication technologies; to provide a means of implementing residue arithmetic computational circuitry that is compatible with standard logic test methodologies (e.g., scan, I_(DDQ)); provide a means of optimizing the mathematical functions in the residue arithmetic computational circuitry for one or more of speed, power, and area; provide a means of implementing the mathematical functions in residue arithmetic computational circuitry that allows pipelining and is fully compatible with Electronic Design Automation (EDA) methodologies for automatic pipelining; provide a means of implementing the mathematical functions in residue arithmetic computational circuitry that takes advantage of the structure of the values resulting from a mathematical function to produce an implementation that is smaller and faster than is possible with any memory-based implementation; and provide a means of implementing mathematical functions in the residue arithmetic computational circuitry that does not unduly interfere with the routing of wires on the semiconductor device.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of an apparatus, for digital signal processing, that uses residue arithmetic to operate on real operands and produces real results.

FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of an apparatus, for digital signal processing, that uses residue arithmetic to operate on complex operands and produces complex results.

FIG. 3 shows a block diagram of a modular product table lookup for a constant multiplier.

FIG. 4 shows a table for the product of two and a modulo 5 variable, modulo 5, the minimization of the equations for the table using Karnaugh maps, a plurality of logic gates implementing the reduced equations, and the resulting table.

FIG. 5 shows a number theoretic logarithm lookup table.

FIG. 6 shows a block diagram of a multiplier that computes products using the number theoretic logarithms of the operands.

FIG. 7 shows a structure to compute the residue of an N bit unsigned or two's complement number.

FIG. 8 shows a block diagram of a multi-operand modular adder tree.

FIG. 9 shows a structure to convert a value from RNS representation to binary representation using the Chinese Remainder Theorem.

FIG. 10 shows a structure to convert a value from RNS representation to binary representation using the L-CRT algorithm.

FIG. 11 shows a structure to convert a complex RNS value to a QRNS value.

FIG. 12 shows a structure to convert a QRNS value to a complex RNS value.

FIG. 13 shows a flowchart for selecting a plurality of logic gates for computing residue modulo p_(i) values, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 14 shows a flowchart for selecting a plurality of logic gates for multiplying the imaginary residue operand of a CRNS input b_(i), ĵ, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 15 shows a flowchart for selecting a plurality of logic gates for computing a number theoretic logarithm, modulo p_(i), for each of the residues the modular product of which is being computed and computing a number theoretic exponent, modulo p_(i), of the sum of the number theoretic logarithms of the residues, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 16 shows a flow chart for selecting a plurality of logic gates for computing residue, modulo p_(i), values of a selected subgroup of bits corresponding to a full sum of the residues, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 17 shows a flowchart for selecting a plurality of logic gates for computing the product of 2⁻¹ and the sums of the QRNS residue, z_(i) and z_(i)*, and computing the product of ĵ⁻¹2⁻¹ and the difference, modulo p_(i), z_(i) minus z_(i)*, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 18 shows a flow chart for selecting a plurality of logic gates for applying the CRT function or L-CRT function to each of the L residues of each residue, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION Enabling Mathematical Theory

The following subsections present the mathematics which are relevant to the operation of the invention. While the mathematics are well-known, the theory is presented here so as to provide a consistent framework of notation and symbols.

The Chinese Remainder Theorem

Let S={p₀, p₁, p₂, . . . , P_(L−1)}, where gcd(p_(i),p_(j))=1 for all i,jε{0, 1, 2, . . . , L−1} and i≠j, wherein gcd stands for greatest common denominator. Let M=π_(i=0) ^(L−1)p_(i), and let XεZ/MZ, where Z denotes the ring of integers. By the Chinese Remainder Theorem, there exists an isomorphism φ:Z/MZ

Z/p₀Z×Z/p₁Z×Z/p₂Z× . . . ×Z/p_(L−1)Z. The mapping φ is given by φ(X)→(x ₀ , x ₁ , x ₂ , . . . , x _(L−1)) where (x₀, x₁, x₂, . . . , x_(L−1))εZ/p₀Z×Z/p₁Z×Z/p₂Z× . . . ×Z/p_(L−1)Z, and x_(i)≡X(mod p_(i)) for all iε{0, 1, 2, . . . L−1}. The inverse mapping is given by φ⁻¹ [x ₀ , x ₁ , x ₂ , . . . , x _(L−1))]→X where

${X \equiv \;{\left( {\sum\limits_{i = 0}^{L - 1}\;{m_{i}\left\langle {m_{i}^{- I}x_{i}} \right\rangle_{P_{i}}}} \right)\left( {{mod}\mspace{14mu} M} \right)}},$ m_(i)=M/p_(i), m_(i)m_(i) ⁻¹≡1(mod p_(i)), and

x

_(p) denotes the value in the set {0, 1, 2, . . . , p−1} that is congruent to x modulo p. Number Theoretic Logarithms

If p_(i) is prime then there exists a generator α_(i)εZ/p_(i)Z such that {α_(i) ^(k) |k=0, 1, 2, . . . , p _(i)−2}={1, 2, 3, . . . , p _(i)−1} in the ring Z/p_(i)Z. If x_(i)ε(Z/p_(i)Z)\{0}, then there exists a unique l_(x) _(i) εZ/(p_(i)−1)Z such that

x_(i) = α_(i)^(l_(x_(i)))(mod  p_(i))

The value l_(x) _(i) is said to be the number theoretic logarithm of x_(i) to the base α_(i) modulo p_(i).

The number theoretic logarithm may be exploited to compute products in the ring Z/p_(i)Z. If x_(i),y_(i)ε(Z/p_(i)Z)\{0}, then there exist unique l_(x) _(i) ,l_(y) _(i) εZ/(p_(i)−1)Z such that

x_(i)y_(i) ≡ (α_(i)^(l_(x_(i))))(α_(i)^(l_(y_(i))))(mod  p_(i)) x_(i)y_(i) ≡ α_(i)^(⟨l_(x_(i)) + l_(y_(i))⟩_(p_(i) − 1))(mod  p_(i)) x _(i) y _(i) ≡f _(α) _(i) (

l _(x) _(i) +l _(y) _(i)

_(p) _(i) ⁻¹)(mod p _(i))

If either or both of x_(i),y_(i) is zero, then the product x_(i)y_(i) is zero.

Complex Arithmetic

Let Z[j]/(j²+1) denote the ring of Gaussian integers under the usual operations of addition and multiplication, numbers of the form a+jb where a,bεZ, and j²=−1. Then (Z[j]/(j²+1))/p_(i)Z denotes the ring of Gaussian integers modulo p_(i), and if a+jbεZ[j]/(j²+1) then the mapping φ: Z[j]/(j²+1)→(Z[j]/(j²+1))/p_(i)Z is given by φ((a+jb))→a _(i) +jb _(i), where a_(i)≡a (mod p_(i)) and b_(i)≡b (mod p_(i)). The set (Z[j]/(j²+1))/p_(i)Z is a ring under the usual complex arithmetic operations of multiplication and addition. That is, if (a_(i)+jb_(i)),(c_(i)+jd_(i))ε(Z[j]/(j²+1))/p_(i)Z, then (a _(i) +jb _(i))+(c _(i) +jd _(i))=((a _(i) +c _(i))+j(b _(i) +d _(i))) (a _(i) +jb _(i))×(c _(i) +jd _(i))=((a _(i) c _(i) −b _(i) d _(i))+j(a _(i) d _(i) +b _(i) c _(i))).

Suppose p_(i) is a prime and p_(i)=4k_(i)+1, where k_(i)εZ. Then there exists an isomorphism between the Gaussian integers modulo p_(i) under the usual complex arithmetic operations as shown above, and the Gaussian integers modulo p_(i) under component-wise addition and multiplication, Ψ:(Z[j]/(j²+1))/p_(i)Z

(Z[j](j²+1))/p_(i)Z, with the mapping Ψ((a _(i) +jb _(i)))→(z _(i) ,z _(i)*) where z_(i)=a_(i)+ĵb_(i), z_(i)*=a_(i)ĵb_(i), and ĵ²≡−1(mod p_(i)). The inverse mapping is given by Ψ⁻¹((z _(i) ,z _(i)*))→(a _(i) +jb _(i)) where a_(i)=2⁻¹(z_(i)+z_(i)*),b_(i)=ĵ2⁻¹(z_(i)−z_(i)*), and 2·2⁻¹≡1(mod p_(i)).

The Chinese Remainder Theorem (CRT) may be exploited to perform addition, subtraction, and multiplication of values in the ring of integers modulo M, Z/MZ, by breaking the computation into L independent computations in Z/p_(i)Z, for iε{0, 1, 2, . . . , L−1}. If each p_(i)εS is prime then number theoretic logarithms may be exploited to reduce the complexity of multiplication. Furthermore, if each p_(i)εS is prime and p_(i)=4k_(i)+1 where k_(i)εZ, then it is possible to exploit the isomorphism Ψ to reduce the number of arithmetic operations required to implement complex multiplication from four real multiplies and two real additions to two real multiplies.

FIG. 1 shows a specific embodiment of the subject invention which can be used to perform sums of products on real binary unsigned or two's complement, one's complement, sign-magnitude, or other fixed-radix or floating-radix operands using residue arithmetic. The system shown in FIG. 1 can have a circuit 1 to convert data from a conventional representation such as, but not limited to, one's complement, sign-magnitude, unsigned binary or two's complement to a set of L residues. If multiplication is needed, the residues of the input operands can be multiplied by one or more coefficients by a circuit 3. Circuit 3 can be removed if only addition is to be achieved. These coefficients can be fixed and/or programmed coefficients. The modular products produced by circuit 3 can then be added by a circuit 4 to produce modular sums of products. The modular sums of products can then be converted to a conventional representation by a circuit 6. The specific arrangement of the modular products and sums are dependent upon the algorithm design and can be optimized as desired.

Referring to FIG. 1, an embodiment which can process real operands is shown. Data operands, for example, in a conventional format such as two's complement, can be input to circuit 1 (the details of which are summarized in the discussion of FIG. 7) to convert the operands into RNS form. If the algorithm requires multiplication, the products can be computed next by a circuit 3, which can comprise one or more elements from FIG. 3, and/or FIG. 5 and FIG. 6. Any sums, if required, can be computed next by a circuit 4, which comprises two operand modular adders and, optionally, one or more modular adder trees from FIG. 8. The specific arrangement of the arithmetic elements and intermediate storage elements, including, but not limited to, registers, latches, and random access memory (RAM)s, can be varied depending on the situation. For example, the arithmetic elements and intermediate storage elements may be arranged to implement functions including, but not limited to, convolution, correlation, finite impulse response filters, fast Fourier transforms, discrete cosine transforms, wavelet transforms, filter banks, cascaded integrator comb filters, digital receivers, and digital transmitters. The results of the computation can then be converted to a conventional format such as two's complement by a circuit 6, which can comprise, for example, a CRT conversion as shown in from FIG. 9 or an L-CRT conversion as shown in FIG. 10.

FIG. 2 shows another specific embodiment of the subject invention which can be used to perform sums of products on complex binary unsigned or two's complement operands using residue arithmetic. The system shown in FIG. 2 can have a circuit 1 to convert data from a conventional representation such as, but not limited to, one's complement, sign-magnitude, unsigned binary, or two's complement to a set of L residues for each of the real and imaginary components of each operand. The complex residues can then be converted to quadratic residue representation by a circuit 2. The quadratic residues of the input operands can be multiplied by one or more coefficients by a circuit 3. These coefficients can be fixed and/or programmed coefficients. The modular products produced by circuit 3 can then be added by a circuit 4 to produce modular sums of products. The quadratic modular sums of products can then be converted to complex residues by a circuit 5. The complex sums of products can then be converted to a conventional representation, such as complex unsigned binary or two's complement, by a circuit 6. The specific arrangement of the modular products and sums are dependent upon the algorithm design and can be optimized as desired. In some instances, an algorithm can be designed to accept real inputs as operands and produce complex results, or to accept complex inputs and produce real results. In such case, the circuit 2 and/or the circuit 5 may be removed, as desired.

Referring to the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, the subject invention can process complex operands. Data operands, for example, in a conventional form such as two's complement, can be input to circuit 1 (the details of which are summarized in the discussion of FIG. 7) to convert the operands into CRNS form. The CRNS operands can be passed to a circuit 2 to convert the operands to QRNS format. An example of such a circuit 2 is shown in FIG. 11. If the algorithm requires multiplication, the products can be computed next by a circuit 3, which can comprise one or more elements from FIG. 3, and/or FIG. 5 and FIG. 6. Any sums, if required, can be computed next by a circuit 4, which can comprise two operand modular adders and, optionally, one or more modular adder trees as shown in FIG. 8. The specific arrangement of the arithmetic elements and intermediate storage elements, including, but not limited to, registers, latches, and RAMs, can be varied depending on the situation. For example, the arithmetic elements and intermediate storage elements may be arranged to implement functions including, but not limited to, convolution, correlation, finite impulse response filters, fast Fourier transforms, discrete cosine transforms, wavelet transforms, filter banks, cascaded integrator comb filters, digital receivers, and digital transmitters. The QRNS results of the computation can then be converted back to CRNS representation by a circuit 5, for example, as shown in FIG. 12. The CRNS results can then be converted to a conventional format such as two's complement by a circuit 6, which can comprise, for example, a CRT conversion as shown in FIG. 9 or an L-CRT conversion as shown in FIG. 10.

An embodiment for computation of modular products of a constant and a modular data operand is shown in FIG. 3. The product can be generated by a circuit 7 that accepts an N_(i) bit operand and produces the product of the operand and a constant c_(i) modulo p_(i), producing an N_(i) bit result. FIG. 3 shows a block diagram of an embodiment of a circuit 7 to produce the modular product of an operand and a constant where such constant is fixed by the design of the circuit. Circuit 7 can utilize a plurality of logic gates selected by first computing the value of a multiply by a constant function for each possible modular data operand, then extracting the logical equations representing the computed values of the multiply by a constant function. The logical equations can then be mapped to a plurality of logic gates. If desired, prior to mapping to a plurality of logic gates, the logical equations can be minimized by, for example, using well-known logic minimization techniques which take advantage of the fact that for any invalid input the value of the output is allowed to be any value. After the logic equations is reduced to a minimized logical function, it can be mapped to an implementation utilizing a plurality of logic gates. Mapping to a plurality of logic gates can be performed, for example, manually or using software such as DESIGN COMPILER, available from Synopsys, Inc. of Mountain View, Calif.

FIG. 4 shows an example of a product lookup table for the constant multiplier 2 and a modulo 5 value x (bits x₂, x₁, and x₀, ordered from most significant to least significant). A truth table 33 shows all possible inputs to the table as well as the output of the table y (bits y₂, y₁, and y₀, ordered from most significant to least significant). The “x” entries in the table indicate that the value of the output can be anything. The table is reduced to a minimized set of logical equations 35A using Karnaugh maps 34A, 34B, and 34C. One example of a plurality of logic gate 35B which can be used to implement the logical equations 35A are shown in FIG. 4. For larger moduli, and thus larger tables, minimization of the logical equations for the table by manual means can be impractical, so a computer program can be employed to minimize the logical equations. The results of the minimized logical equations, given all possible inputs are shown in a truth table 36.

An embodiment for computation of number theoretic logarithms for a given base α_(i) and modulus p_(i) is shown in FIG. 5. To multiply two operands in the RNS, the logarithms of the operands can be computed by a circuit 8 as shown in FIG. 5. The logarithm can be generated by a circuit 8 that accepts an N_(i) bit operand and produces the N_(i) bit logarithm of the operand. If the input operand is zero then the output of the circuit 8 is a symbol that is not a valid number theoretic logarithm.

FIG. 5 shows a block diagram of an embodiment of a circuit 8 to produce the number theoretic logarithm of a residue, or a special zero symbol if the input operand is zero. For a given base α_(i) and modulus p_(i), the number theoretic logarithm of a value in the set {1, 2, 3, . . . , p_(i)−1} will lie in the set {0, 1, 2, . . . , p_(i)−2}. In the preferred embodiment of circuit 8, the special symbol that results when the input is zero is the binary word that is all ones. The table lookup function 8 can be reduced to a circuit using the procedure discussed in the description of FIG. 3.

FIG. 6 shows a block diagram of an embodiment of a circuit to compute the product of two residues, modulo p_(i), using the sum of the number theoretic logarithms of the operands. The circuit of FIG. 6 can accept two operands, the number theoretic logarithms of the residues to be multiplied or the symbol for zero that is produced by a circuit 8 when presented with an input of zero. The operands can be presented to a modular adder circuit 9, which produces the sum of the operands modulo p_(i)−1, the output of which is valid only if neither of the operands is the zero symbol. The operands can also be presented to a circuit 10 to detect the symbol for zero. The sum of the logarithms produced by the circuit 9 can then be an input to a number theoretic exponentiation table lookup circuit 11. The table lookup function 11 can be reduced to a circuit using the procedure discussed in the description of FIG. 3. FIG. 15 shows a flowchart for selecting a plurality of logic gates for computing a number theoretic logarithm, modulo p_(i), for each of the residues the modular product of which is being computed and computing a number theoretic exponent, modulo p_(i), the sum of the number theoretic logarithms of the residues, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. The output of the zero detection circuits 10 can then be logically ORed by, for example, an OR gate 12. If the output of the OR gate 12 indicates that either of the input operands were the zero symbol, then the output of a multiplexer 13 can be set to zero, otherwise the output of the exponentiation circuit 11 can then be passed to the output of the multiplexer. In most implementations of the systems shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, the number theoretic exponentiation table lookup circuit 11 will be the most common table lookup in the system. In general, for a specific (Z/p_(i)Z)\0, there are many possible generators. For any modulus p_(i), there may be as much as a twenty percent variation in the size of the exponentiation circuit over the entire set of possible generators. Accordingly, generators can be selected based on one or more factors. In a preferred embodiment of the subject invention, for each modulus p_(i), an optimum generator α_(i) can be selected based on one or more criterion such as size, speed, power, or some other cost function. This optimum generation can then be used to create the number theoretic exponentiation circuit 11 and/or the number theoretic logarithm circuit 8.

In the embodiments shown in FIG. 6, the logarithms of the operands are checked by a zero detection circuit 10; if either of the logarithm inputs are the special symbol for zero, as determined by a logical OR gate 12, then the product output is set to zero by a multiplexer 13. Otherwise, the logarithms can be added modulo p_(I)−1 by a modular adder circuit 9, the output of which can be input to an exponentiation circuit 11. The output of the exponentiation circuit 11, can then be passed to the multiplexer 13, and if neither of the operands were the special zero symbol, as determined by the output of the OR gate 12, then the output of the multiplexer 13 can be set to the output of the exponentiation circuit 11.

FIG. 7 shows a block diagram of an embodiment for reduction of an N bit binary operand to its residue modulo p_(i). This binary operand can be, for example, unsigned or two's complement. A zero extension 14 can take the least significant N_(i)−1 bits of the input operand and produce its N_(i) bit residue modulo p_(i). The N bit conventional operand can be partitioned into q_(i)+1 groups of bits. The N_(i)−1 least significant bits are already reduced modulo p_(i), but are zero extended to N_(i) bits by a zero extension 14. The remaining N−N_(i)+1 bits of the input operand can be partitioned into q_(i) groups of bits which are inputs to a table lookups 15A, 15B, and 15C. Each partition of bits Q_(ij) for jε{0, 1, 2, . . . , q_(i)−1} can be input to a table lookup circuit 15A, 15H, and 15C. Table lookups 15A, 15B, and 15C can then produce the residues of the weighted inputs. The mathematical functions performed by table lookups 15A, 15B, and 15C, can be reduced to circuits using the procedure discussed in the description of FIG. 3. FIG. 13 shows a flowchart for selecting a plurality of logic gates for computing residue modulo p_(i) values, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. The q_(i)+1 residues can be added by a q_(i)+1 operand modular adder 16 to produce the residue of the original input operand modulo p_(i). For example, the output of the splitter 14 and the table lookup circuits 15A, 15B, 15C can be added by a q_(i)+1 operand modular adder circuit 16, the sum of which is the original N bit operand reduced modulo p_(i).

FIG. 8 shows a block diagram of an embodiment of a circuit to compute the sum of L>2 operands (L residues) modulo p_(i). The L operands can be added by a binary adder tree 17 to produce the full sum of the L operands. For example, binary adder 17 can produce the N_(i)+┌log₂ L┘ bit unsigned sum of the input operands. The N_(i)−1 least significant bits can be split from the fill sum by a splitter 20 and zero extended to N_(i) bits by a zero extension 21. As shown, the output of the binary adder 17 can be split by a bus splitter 20, and the most significant ┌log₂ L┘+1 bits passed to a modulo p_(i) table lookup circuit 18, while the least significant N_(i)−1 bits are passed to a zero extension 21. The table lookup function 18 can be reduced to a circuit using the procedure discussed with respect to the embodiment of FIG. 3. FIG. 16 shows a flow chart for selecting a plurality of logic gates for computing residue, modulo p_(i), values of a selected subgroup of bits corresponding to a full sum of the residues, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. The outputs of the modulo p_(i) table lookup circuit 18 and the zero extension 21 are combined by a modulo p_(i) adder 19, producing the sum of the L operands modulo p_(i).

An embodiment of the subject invention can be utilized for conversion of an L operand RNS value to a conventional value using the Chinese remainder theorem. FIG. 9 shows a block diagram of an embodiment of a circuit to convert the L residue representation of a value to its unsigned binary representation by the Chinese remainder theorem. The L residues, {x₀, x₁, x₂, . . . , x_(L−1)} can be input to L separate CRT function table lookup circuits 22A, 22B, 22C, and 22D, producing L results. The table lookup functions 22A, 22B, 22C, and 22D, can be reduced to circuits using the procedure discussed in the description of FIG. 3. FIG. 18 shows a flow chart for selecting a plurality of logic gates for applying the CRT function or L-CRT function to each of the L residues of each residue, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. These results modular adder circuit 23 to produce, for example, the unsigned binary representation of the input value.

An embodiment of the subject invention can be utilized for conversion of an L operand RNS value to a conventional value using L-CRT. FIG. 10 shows a block diagram of an embodiment of a circuit to convert the L residue representation of a value to a scaled unsigned binary or two's complement representation using the L-CRT conversion. The L residues, {x₀, x₁, x₂, . . . , x_(L−1)} can be input to L separate L-CRT function table lookup circuits 24A, 24B, 24C, and 24D, producing L scaled results. The table lookup functions 24A, 24B, 24C, and 24D, can be reduced to circuits using the procedure discussed in the description of FIG. 3. These results produced by the table lookup circuits 24A, 24B, 24C, and 24D can then be added by a binary adder circuit 25 to produce, for example, the scaled unsigned binary or two's complement representation of the input value.

An embodiment of the subject invention can be utilized for conversion of CRNS operands to QRNS form. FIG. 11 shows a block diagram of an embodiment of a circuit to convert a complex residue number system (CRNS) value to a quadratic residue number system (QRNS) value. The imaginary component of the CRNS input b_(i), can be input to a constant multiplication by ĵ circuit 26. For example, the imaginary residue operand, b_(i), can be input to a circuit 26 that looks up the product of the operand with ĵ. The table lookup function 26 can be reduced to a circuit using the procedure discussed with respect to the embodiment of FIG. 3. FIG. 14 shows a flowchart for selecting a plurality of logic gates for multiplying the imaginary residue operand of a CRNS input b_(i), by ĵ, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. The output of the table lookup circuit 26 and the real portion of the CRNS input, a_(i), can be added modulo p_(i), by a modular adder circuit 27 to produce the QRNS component z_(i). The output of the table lookup circuit 26 can then be subtracted, modulo p_(i), from the real portion of the CRNS input by a modular subtractor circuit 28 to produce the QRNS component z_(i)*.

An embodiment of the subject invention can be utilized for conversion of QRNS operands to CRNS form. FIG. 12 shows a block diagram of an embodiment of a circuit to convert a quadratic residue number system value to a complex residue number system value. The QRNS components z_(i) and z_(i)* can be added modulo p_(i) by a modular adder circuit 29. The QRNS component z_(i)* can be subtracted, modulo p_(i), from the component z_(i) by a modular subtractor circuit 30. The output of the modular adder circuit 29 can be input to a constant multiplication by 2⁻¹ table lookup circuit 31, the output of which is the real component of the CRNS representation of the data. The output of the modular adder 29 can be the input to a circuit 31 that looks up the product of the sum with 2⁻¹. The output of the modular subtractor circuit 30 can be input to a constant multiplication by ĵ⁻¹2⁻¹ table lookup circuit 32, the output of which is the imaginary component of the CRNS representation of the data. The output of the modular subtractor 30 can be the input to circuit 32 that looks up the product of the sum with ĵ⁻¹2⁻¹. The product table lookup functions 31 and 32 can be reduced to circuits using the procedure discussed with respect to the embodiment of FIG. 3. FIG. 17 shows a flowchart for selecting a plurality of logic gates for computing the product of 2⁻¹ and the sums of the QRNS residue, z_(i), and z_(i)*, and computing the product of ĵ⁻¹2⁻¹ and the difference, modulo p_(i), z_(i) minus z_(i)*, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

The use of logic gates to implement various table lookup operations in accordance with this invention can provide manifold advantages over the previous method of using memory devices. The use of logic gates can allow RNS computational circuitry to be efficiently implemented in a variety of technologies, some of which would not have been previously amenable to the use of RNS techniques. Additionally, the use of logic gates rather than memories for RNS computational circuitry can provide one or more of the following benefits: logic gates implemented in complimentary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) static logic can consume very low power in the absence of switching activity in the circuit; logic gates can scale directly into deep sub-micron semiconductor fabrication technologies; logic gates can be compatible with standard logic test methodologies; groups of logic gates can be optimized for speed, power, and area; groups of logic gates can be easily pipelined through manual or automatic means; and logic gates can reduce interference with the routing of wires on a semiconductor device as compared with memories.

Unlike memories, which have a fixed area and speed for any given table lookup function of a given input and output size, groups of logic gates can be minimized for the specific table lookup function to be implemented. In many cases, the logic function to be minimized can have some underlying structure that is not obvious from inspection of the table. This structure can lead to significant area and speed advantages for groups of logic gates over memories. For example, a table lookup for the product of an eight bit input modulo 241, and 2⁻¹, modulo 241, produced in a read only memory (ROM) in a 0.2 micron standard cell application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) process requires the equivalent area of 2,250 gates, and at 100 MHZ and has a power dissipation of 3.6 mW, while the same table produced as gates requires only the area of 36 gates, and at the same speed has a power dissipation of 0.23 mW. Another table of the same size, an exponentiation table modulo 241, requires only an area of 675 gates, and at the same speed has a power dissipation of 1.3 mW.

These results were obtained using the process previously described with respect to the embodiment of FIG. 3. The aforementioned ROM has a minimum clock period of 3.0 ns, while the aforementioned product lookup implemented as gates has a maximum delay from input to output of 1.0 ns, and the exponentiation lookup implemented as gates has a maximum delay of 3.0 ns. In the case of the exponentiation lookup, a delay of 1.2 ns can be achieved, although the area of the function is increased to 957 gates. This example is a compelling demonstration of the subject invention's ability to allow the optimization of the balance between speed, area, and power, by implementing RNS table lookups using logic gates rather than memories such as ROMs. For a given implementation technology, ROMs have the highest storage density of all the types of memory. For example, a static RAM implemented in the same technology as the aforementioned ROM, and with the same size and speed characteristics, requires the equivalent area of 3,660 gates. This example also demonstrates that by using logic gates to implement table lookup functions, area and speed may be traded to best suit the needs of a particular design.

It should be understood that the examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only and that various modifications or changes in light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in the art and are to be included within the spirit and purview of this application and the scope of the appended claims. 

1. A method for producing a digital logic circuit for performing mathematical computations using residue arithmetic, comprising: providing a means for receiving input data in binary code, wherein the input data in binary code comprise binary operands having a plurality of bits; computing the residue modulo p_(i) values for at least one subgroup of a plurality of bits of the binary operands for each possible input data in binary code; extracting logical equations representing the computed residue modulo p_(i) values of the at least one subgroup of the plurality of bits of the binary operands; and mapping the logical equations to a plurality of logic gates; providing a means for converting the input data in binary code to residues, wherein the means for converting the input data in binary code to residues comprises a means for computing residue modulo p_(i) values of at least one subgroup of the plurality of bits of the binary operands, wherein the means for converting the input computing residue modulo p_(i) values of at least one subgroup of the plurality of bits of the binary operands comprises the plurality of logic gates, wherein the means for receiving input data in binary code and the means for converting the input data in binary code to residue are the digital logic circuit.
 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein said method comprises the step of: converting said residues from Complex Residue Number System to Quadratic Residue Number System, wherein each Complex Residue Number System residue comprises an imaginary residue operand, b_(i), wherein converting said residues from Complex Residue Number System to Quadratic Residue Number System comprises multiplying the imaginary residue operand of the Complex Residue Number System input, b_(i), by ĵ, wherein multiplying the imaginary residue operand of the Complex Residue Number System input, b_(i), by ĵ, is implemented utilizing a second plurality of logic gates.
 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein said method comprises the step of: computing modular products of the Quadratic Residue Number System residues, wherein computing modular products of the Quadratic Residue Number System residues comprises computing a number theoretic logarithm, modulo p_(i), for each of the Quadratic Residue Number System residues the modular product of which is being computed, and computing a number theoretic exponent, modulo p_(i), of the sum of the number theoretic logarithms of the Quadratic Residue Number System residues, wherein computing a number theoretic logarithm, modulo p_(i), for each of the Quadratic Residue Number System residues the modular product of which is being computed and computing a number theoretic exponent, modulo p_(i), of the sum of the number theoretic logarithms of the Quadratic Residue Number System residues is implemented utilizing a third plurality of logic gates.
 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein said method comprises the step of: computing modular sums of the products of residues, wherein computing modular sums of the products of residues comprises producing a full sum of the products of residues, wherein the full sum of the products has a plurality of bits corresponding to the full sum of the products, and computing, modulo p_(i), values of at least one subgroup of the plurality of bits corresponding to the full sum of the products, wherein computing, modulo p_(i), values of at least one subgroup of the plurality of bits corresponding to the full sum of the products is implemented utilizing a fourth plurality of logic gates.
 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein said method comprises the step of: converting the modular sums from Quadratic Residue Number System to Complex Residue Number System, wherein converting the modular sums from Quadratic Residue Number System to Complex Residue Number System comprises computing the product of 2⁻¹ and the sum of the Quadratic Residue Number System residue, z_(i), and z_(i)*, wherein the product of 2⁻¹ and the sum of the Quadratic Residue Number System residue, z_(i), and z_(i)* is the real component of the Complex Residue Number System residue and computing the product of ĵ⁻¹2⁻¹ and the difference, modulo p_(i), z_(i) minus z_(i)*, wherein the product of ĵ⁻¹2⁻¹ and the difference, modulo p_(i), z_(i) minus z_(i)* is the imaginary component of the Complex Residue Number System residue, wherein computing the product of 2⁻¹ and the sum of the Quadratic Residue Number System residue, z_(i), and z_(i)*, and computing the product of ĵ⁻¹2⁻¹ and the difference, modulo p_(i), z_(i) minus z_(i)* is implemented utilizing a fifth plurality of logic gates.
 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein said method comprises the step of: converting the Complex Residue Number System residues to data in binary code, wherein each Complex Residue Number System residue is an L residue, Residue Number System value, wherein converting the Complex Residue Number System residues to data in binary code comprises applying the Chinese Remainder Theorem function or L-Chinese Remainder Theorem function to each of the L residues of each Complex Residue Number System residue to produce L results and modularly adding the L results, wherein applying the Chinese Remainder Theorem function or L-Chinese Remainder Theorem function to each of the L residues of each Complex Residue Number System residue is implemented utilizing a sixth plurality of logic gates.
 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the sixth plurality of gates is selected by the steps of: computing a value of a Chinese Remainder Theorem or L-Chinese Remainder Theorem function for each possible residue input; extracting logical equations representing the computed Chinese Remainder Theorem or L-Chinese Remainder Theorem values; and mapping the logical equations to the sixth plurality of logic gates.
 8. The method according to claim 5, wherein the fifth plurality of logic gates is selected by the steps of: computing a value of the product of z_(i) minus z_(i)*, and ĵ⁻¹2⁻¹, modulo p_(i) for each possible difference; computing a value of the product of the sum of z_(i), and z_(i)*, and 2⁻¹ for each possible sum; extracting logical equations representing computed values of the multiply by ĵ⁻¹2⁻¹ and multiply by 2⁻¹ functions; and mapping the logical equations to the fifth plurality of logic gates.
 9. The method according to claim 4, wherein said method comprises the step of: converting the Quadratic Residue Number System residues to data in binary code, wherein each Complex Residue Number System residue is an L residue, Residue Number System value, wherein converting the Complex Residue Number System residues to data in binary code comprises applying the Chinese Remainder Theorem function or L-Chinese Remainder Theorem function to each of the L residues of each Complex Residue Number System residue to produce L results and modularly adding the L results, wherein applying the Chinese Remainder Theorem function or L-Chinese Remainder Theorem function to each of the L residues of each Complex Residue Number System residue is implemented utilizing a fifth plurality of logic gates.
 10. The method according to claim 4, wherein the fourth plurality of logic gates is selected by the steps of: computing the residue modulo p_(i) values for the at least one subgroup of the plurality of bits corresponding to the full sum of the products; extracting logical equations representing the computed residue modulo p_(i) values of the at least one subgroup of the plurality of bits corresponding to the full sum of the products; and mapping the logical equations to the fourth plurality of logic gates.
 11. The method according to claim 3, wherein said method comprises the step of: converting the modular products from Quadratic Residue Number System to Complex Residue Number System, wherein the step of converting the modular products from Quadratic Residue Number System to Complex Residue Number System is implemented utilizing a fourth plurality of logic gates.
 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein said method comprises the step of: converting the Complex Residue Number System residues to data in binary code, wherein the step of converting the Complex Residue Number System residues to data in binary code is implemented utilizing a fifth plurality of logic gates.
 13. The method according to claim 3, wherein said method comprises the step of: converting the modular products to data in binary code, wherein the step of converting the modular products to data in binary code is implemented utilizing a fourth plurality of logic gates.
 14. The method according to claim 3, wherein the logarithm of the residue number system input is implemented using a first subgroup of the third plurality of logic gates, wherein the first subgroup of the third plurality of logic gates is selected by the steps of: computing the value of the number theoretic logarithm modulo p_(i) with respect to a given base, for each possible modular data operand; extracting logical equations representing the computed values of the number theoretic logarithm function; and mapping the logical equations to the first subgroup of the third plurality of logic gates, wherein the exponentiation of the number theoretic logarithm is implemented using a second subgroup of the third plurality of logic gates, wherein the second subgroup of the third plurality of logic gates is selected by the steps of: computing the value of a given base raised to each possible modular data operand, modulo p_(i); extracting the logical equations representing the computed values of the exponentiation function; and mapping the logical equations to the second subgroup of the third plurality of logic gates.
 15. The method according to claim 2, wherein said method comprises the step of: computing modular sums of the Quadratic Residue Number System residues, wherein the step of computing modular sums of the Quadratic Residue Number System residues is implemented utilizing a third plurality of logic gates.
 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein said method comprises the step of: converting the modular sums from Quadratic Residue Number System to Complex Residue Number System, wherein the step of converting the modular sums from Quadratic Residue Number System to Complex Residue Number System is implemented utilizing a fourth plurality of logic gates.
 17. The method according to claim 16, wherein said method comprises the step of: converting the Complex Residue Number System residues to data in binary code, wherein the step of converting the Complex Residue Number System residues to data in binary code is implemented utilizing a fifth plurality of logic gates.
 18. The method according to claim 15, wherein said method comprises the step of: converting the modular sums to data in binary code, wherein the step of converting the modular sums to data in binary code is implemented utilizing a fourth plurality of logic gates.
 19. The method according to claim 2, wherein said method comprises the step of: converting the Quadratic Residue Number System residues from Quadratic Residue Number System to Complex Residue Number System, wherein the step of converting the Quadratic Residue Number System residues from Quadratic Residue Number System to Complex Residue Number System is implemented utilizing a third plurality of logic gates.
 20. The method according to claim 19, wherein said method comprises the step of: converting the Complex Residue Number System residues to data in binary code, wherein the step of converting the Complex Residue Number System residues to data in binary code is implemented utilizing a fourth plurality of logic gates.
 21. The method according to claim 2, wherein said method comprises the step of: converting the Quadratic Residue Number System residues to data in binary code, wherein the step of converting the Quadratic Residue Number System residues to data in binary code is implemented utilizing a third plurality of logic gates.
 22. The method according to claim 2, wherein the second plurality of logic gates is selected by the steps of: computing a value of the product of b_(i), and ĵ, modulo p_(i) for each possible modular data operand; extracting logical equations representing computed values of the multiply by ĵ function; and mapping the logical equations to the second plurality of logic gates.
 23. The method according to claim 1, wherein said method comprises the step of: computing modular products of the residues, wherein the step of computing modular products of the residues is implemented utilizing a second plurality of logic gates.
 24. The method according to claim 23, wherein said method comprises the step of: computing modular sums of the modular products of residues, wherein the step of computing modular sums of the modular products of residues is implemented utilizing a third plurality of logic gates.
 25. The method according to claim 24, wherein said method comprises the step of: converting the modular sums from Quadratic Residue Number System to Complex Residue Number System, wherein the step of converting the modular sums from Quadratic Residue Number System to Complex Residue Number System is implemented utilizing a fourth plurality of logic gates.
 26. The method according to claim 25, wherein said method comprises the step of: converting the Complex Residue Number System residues to data in binary code, wherein the step of converting the Complex Residue Number System residues to data in binary code is implemented utilizing a fifth plurality of logic gates.
 27. The method according to claim 24, wherein said method comprises the step of: converting the modular sums to data in binary code, wherein the step of converting the modular sums to data in binary code is implemented utilizing a fourth plurality of logic gates.
 28. The method according to claim 23, wherein said method comprises the step of: converting the modular products from Quadratic Residue Number System to Complex Residue Number System, wherein the step of converting the modular products from Quadratic Residue Number System to Complex Residue Number System is implemented utilizing a third plurality of logic gates.
 29. The method according to claim 28, wherein said method comprises the step of: converting the Complex Residue Number System residues to data in binary code, wherein the step of converting the Complex Residue Number System residues to data in binary code is implemented utilizing a fourth plurality of logic gates.
 30. The method according to claim 23, wherein said method comprises the step of: converting the modular products to data in binary code, wherein the step of converting the modular products to data in binary code is implemented utilizing a third plurality of logic gates.
 31. The method according to claim 1, wherein said method comprises the step of: computing modular sums of the residues, wherein the step of computing modular sums of the residues is implemented utilizing a second plurality of logic gates.
 32. The method according to claim 31, wherein said method comprises the step of: converting the modular sums from Quadratic Residue Number System to Complex Residue Number System, wherein the step of converting the modular sums from Quadratic Residue Number System to Complex Residue Number System is implemented utilizing a third plurality of logic gates.
 33. The method according to claim 32, wherein said method comprises the step of: converting the Complex Residue Number System residues to data in binary code, wherein the step of converting the Complex Residue Number System residues to data in binary code is implemented utilizing a fourth plurality of logic gates.
 34. The method according to claim 31, wherein said method comprises the step of: converting the modular sums to data in binary code, wherein the step of converting the modular sums to data in binary code is implemented utilizing a third plurality of logic gates.
 35. The method according to claim 1, wherein said method comprises the step of: converting the residues from Quadratic Residue Number System to Complex Residue Number System, wherein the step of converting the residues from Quadratic Residue Number System to Complex Residue Number System is implemented utilizing a second plurality of logic gates.
 36. The method according to claim 35, wherein said method comprises the step of: converting the Complex Residue Number System residues to data in binary code, wherein the step of converting the Complex Residue Number System residues to data in binary code is implemented utilizing a third plurality of logic gates.
 37. The method according to claim 1, wherein said method comprises the step of: converting the residues to data in binary code, wherein the step of converting the residues to data in binary code is implemented utilizing a second plurality of logic gates.
 38. The method according to claim 1, wherein said plurality of logic gates are selected from the group consisting of: custom digital logic, standard cell logic, cell-based arrays of logic, gate arrays, field programmable gate arrays, and programmable logic devices.
 39. The method according to claim 1, wherein said binary code is selected from the group consisting of: one's complement, sign-magnitude, unsigned binary, two's complement, fixed-radix, and floating-radix.
 40. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of computing residue modulo p_(i) values of at least one subgroup of the plurality of bits of the binary operands is implemented without utilizing table lookup operations.
 41. A method for producing a digital logic circuit for performing mathematical computations using residue arithmetic, comprising: providing a means for receiving input data in Complex Residue Number System residue format, wherein each Complex Residue Number System residue comprises an imaginary residue operand, b_(i); computing a value of the product of b_(i), and ĵ, modulo p_(i) for each possible modular data operand; extracting logical equations representing computed values of the multiply by ĵ function; mapping the logical equations to a plurality of logic gates; and providing a means for converting the residues from Complex Residue Number System to Quadratic Residue Number System, wherein the means for converting the residues from Complex Residue Number System to Quadratic Residue Number System comprises a means for multiplying the imaginary residue operand of the Complex Residue Number System input, b_(i), by ĵ, wherein the means for multiplying the imaginary residue operand of the Complex Residue Number System input, b_(i), by ĵ comprises the plurality of logic gates wherein the means for receiving input data in Complex Residue Number System residue format, the means for converting the residues from Complex Residue Number System to Quadratic Residue Number System, and the means for multiplying the imaginary residue operand of the Complex Residue Number System input, b_(i), by ĵ are a digital logic circuit.
 42. The method according to claim 41, wherein said method comprises the step of: computing modular products of the Quadratic Residue Number System residues, wherein the step of computing modular products of the Quadratic Residue Number System residues is implemented utilizing a second plurality of logic gates.
 43. The method according to claim 42, wherein said method comprises the step of: computing modular sums of the products of residues, wherein the step of computing modular sums of the products of residues is implemented utilizing a third plurality of logic gates.
 44. The method according to claim 43, wherein said method comprises the step of: converting the modular sums from Quadratic Residue Number System to Complex Residue Number System, wherein the step of converting the modular sums from Quadratic Residue Number System to Complex Residue Number System is implemented utilizing a fourth plurality of logic gates.
 45. The method according to claim 44, wherein said method comprises the step of: converting the Complex Residue Number System residues to data in binary code, wherein the step of converting the Complex Residue Number System residues to data in binary code is implemented utilizing a fifth plurality of logic gates.
 46. The method according to claim 43, wherein said method comprises the step of: converting the Quadratic Residue Number System residues to data in binary code, wherein the step of converting the Quadratic Residue Number System residues to data in binary code is implemented utilizing a fourth plurality of logic gates.
 47. The method according to claim 35, wherein said method comprises the step of: converting the modular products residues from Quadratic Residue Number System to Complex Residue Number System, wherein the step of converting the modular products residues from Quadratic Residue Number System to Complex Residue Number System is implemented utilizing a third plurality of logic gates.
 48. The method according to claim 47, wherein said method comprises the step of: converting the Complex Residue Number System residues to data in binary code, wherein the step of converting the Complex Residue Number System residues to data in binary code is implemented utilizing a fourth plurality of logic gates.
 49. The method according to claim 42, wherein said method comprises the step of: converting the modular products to data in binary code, wherein the step of converting the modular products to data in binary code is implemented utilizing a third plurality of logic gates.
 50. The method according to claim 41, wherein said method comprises the step of: computing modular sums of the Quadratic Residue Number System residues, wherein the step of computing modular sums of the Quadratic Residue Number System residues is implemented utilizing a second plurality of logic gates.
 51. The method according to claim 50, wherein said method comprises the step of: converting the modular sums from Quadratic Residue Number System to Complex Residue Number System, wherein the step of converting the modular sums from Quadratic Residue Number System to Complex Residue Number System is implemented utilizing a third plurality of logic gates.
 52. The method according to claim 51, wherein said method comprises the step of: converting the Complex Residue Number System residues to data in binary code, wherein the step of converting the Complex Residue Number System residues to data in binary code is implemented utilizing a fourth plurality of logic gates.
 53. The method according to claim 50, wherein said method comprises the step of: converting the modular sums to data in binary code, wherein the step of converting the modular sums to data in binary code is implemented utilizing a third plurality of logic gates.
 54. The method according to claim 41, wherein said method comprises the step of: converting the Quadratic Residue Number System residues from Quadratic Residue Number System to Complex Residue Number System, wherein the step of converting the Quadratic Residue Number System residues from Quadratic Residue Number System to Complex Residue Number System is implemented utilizing a second plurality of logic gates.
 55. The method according to claim 54, wherein said method comprises the step of: converting the Complex Residue Number System residues to data in binary code, wherein the step of converting the Complex Residue Number System residues to data in binary code is implemented utilizing a third plurality of logic gates.
 56. The method according to claim 41, wherein said method comprises the step of: converting the Complex Residue Number System residues to data in binary code, wherein the step of converting the Complex Residue Number System residues to data in binary code is implemented utilizing a second plurality of logic gates.
 57. The method according to claim 41, wherein the step of converting the residues from Complex Residue Number System to Quadratic Residue Number System comprises the steps of: inputting an imaginary component of a Complex Residue Number System value, b_(i), to a plurality of logic gates to produce a product ĵb_(i); adding, modulo p_(i), a real operand, a_(i), and the product ĵb_(i) to produce a first Quadratic Residue Number System component, z_(i); subtracting the product ĵb_(i), modulo p_(i), from the real operand, a_(i), to produce a second Quadratic Residue Number System component, z_(i)*, wherein the plurality of logic gates is selected by the steps of: computing a value of a multiply by ĵ function for each possible input; extracting logical equations representing the computed values of the multiply by ĵ function; mapping the logical equation to a plurality of logic gates; wherein the output of the plurality of logic gates is the product of an imaginary component of a Complex Residue Number System value and ĵ.
 58. The method according to claim 57, further comprising the step of minimizing the logical equations prior to the step of mapping the logical equations to the plurality of logic gates.
 59. The method according to claim 41, wherein said plurality of logic gates are selected from the group consisting of: custom digital logic, standard cell logic, cell-based arrays of logic, gate arrays, field programmable gate arrays, and programmable logic devices.
 60. The method according to claim 41, wherein multiplying the imaginary residue operand of the Complex Residue Number System input, b_(i), by ĵ, is implemented without utilizing table lookup operations.
 61. A method for producing a digital logic circuit for performing mathematical computations using residue arithmetic, comprising: providing a means for receiving input data in residue format; computing the number theoretic logarithm, modulo p_(i), for each possible residue; computing the number theoretic exponent, modulo p_(i), for each possible sum; extracting logical equations representing computed values of the number theoretic logarithm and exponent functions; and mapping the logical equation to a plurality of logic gates, providing a means for computing modular products of the residues, wherein the means for computing modular products of the residues comprises a means for computing a number theoretic logarithm, modulo p_(i), for each of the residues the modular product of which is being computed, and a means for computing a number theoretic exponent, modulo p_(i), of the sum of the number theoretic logarithms of the residues, wherein the means for computing a number theoretic logarithm, modulo p_(i), for each of the residues the modular product of which is being computed and the means for computing a number theoretic exponent, modulo p_(i), of the sum of the number theoretic logarithms of the residues comprise the plurality of logic gates, wherein the means for computing modular products of the residues, the means for computing a number theoretic logarithm, modulo p_(i), for each of the residues the modular product of which is being computed, and the means for computing a number theoretic exponent, modulo p_(i), of the sum of the number theoretic logarithms of the residues, are a digital logic circuit.
 62. The method according to claim 61, wherein said method comprises the step of: computing modular sums of the products of residues, wherein the step of computing modular sums of the products of residues is implemented utilizing a second plurality of logic gates.
 63. The method according to claim 62, wherein said method comprises the step of: converting the modular sums from Quadratic Residue Number System to Complex Residue Number System, wherein the step of converting the modular sums from Quadratic Residue Number System to Complex Residue Number System is implemented utilizing a third plurality of logic gates.
 64. The method according to claim 63, wherein said method comprises the step of: converting the Complex Residue Number System residues to data in binary code, wherein the step of converting the Complex Residue Number System residues to data in binary code is implemented utilizing a fourth plurality of logic gates.
 65. The method according to claim 62, wherein said method comprises the step of: converting the modular sums to data in binary code, wherein the step of converting the modular sums to data in binary code is implemented utilizing a third plurality of logic gates.
 66. The method according to claim 61, wherein said method comprises the step of: converting the modular products from Quadratic Residue Number System to Complex Residue Number System, wherein the step of converting the modular products from Quadratic Residue Number System to Complex Residue Number System is implemented utilizing a second plurality of logic gates.
 67. The method according to claim 66, wherein said method comprises the step of: converting the Complex Residue Number System residues to data in binary code, wherein the step of converting the Complex Residue Number System residues to data in binary code is implemented utilizing a third plurality of logic gates.
 68. The method according to claim 61, wherein said method comprises the step of: converting the modular products to data in binary code, wherein the step of converting the modular products to data in binary code is implemented utilizing a second plurality of logic gates.
 69. The method according to claim 61, wherein said plurality of logic gates are selected from the group consisting of: custom digital logic, standard cell logic, cell-based arrays of logic, gate arrays, field programmable gate arrays, and programmable logic devices.
 70. The method according to claim 61, wherein computing a number theoretic logarithm, modulo p_(i), for each of the Quadratic Residue Number System residues the modular product of which is being computed and computing a number theoretic exponent, modulo p_(i), of the sum of the number theoretic logarithms of the Quadratic Residue Number System residues is implemented without utilizing table lookup operations.
 71. The method according to claim 61, wherein the logarithm of the residue number system input is implemented using a first subgroup of the plurality of logic gates, wherein the first subgroup of the plurality of logic gates is selected by the steps of: computing the value of the number theoretic logarithm modulo p_(i) with respect to a given base, for each possible modular data operand; extracting logical equations representing the computed values of the number theoretic logarithm function; and mapping the logical equations to the first subgroup of the plurality of logic gates, wherein the exponentiation of the number theoretic logarithm is implemented using a second subgroup of the plurality of logic gates, wherein the second subgroup of the plurality of logic gates is selected by the steps of: computing the value of a given base raised to each possible modular data operand, modulo p_(i); extracting the logical equations representing the computed values of the exponentiation function; and mapping the logical equations to the second subgroup of the plurality of logic gates.
 72. A method for producing a digital logic circuit for performing mathematical computations using residue arithmetic, comprising: providing a means for receiving input data in residue format; computing the residue modulo p_(i) values for the at least one subgroup of the plurality of bits corresponding to the full sum of the residues; extracting logical equations representing the computed residue modulo p_(i) values of the at least one subgroup of the plurality of bits corresponding to the full sum of the residues; and mapping the logical equations to a plurality of logic gates, computing modular sums of the residues, wherein the means for computing modular sums of the residues comprises a means for producing a full sum of the products of residues, wherein the full sum of the residues has a plurality of bits corresponding to the full sum of the residues, and a means for computing, modulo p_(i), values of at least one subgroup of the plurality of bits corresponding to the full sum of the residues, wherein the means for computing, modulo p_(i), values of at least one subgroup of the plurality of bits corresponding to the full sum of the residues comprises the plurality of logic gates, wherein the means for computing modular sums of the residues, the means for producing a full sum of the products of residues, wherein the full sum of the residues has a plurality of bits corresponding to the full sum of the residues, and the means for computing, modulo p_(i), values of at least one subgroup of the plurality of bits corresponding to the full sum of the residues, are a digital logic circuit.
 73. The method according to claim 72, wherein said method comprises the step of: converting the residues from Quadratic Residue Number System to Complex Residue Number System, wherein the step of converting the residues from Quadratic Residue Number System to Complex Residue Number System is implemented utilizing a second plurality of logic gates.
 74. The method according to claim 73, wherein said method comprises the step of: converting the Complex Residue Number System residues to data in binary code, wherein the step of converting the Complex Residue Number System residues to data in binary code is implemented utilizing a third plurality of logic gates.
 75. The method according to claim 72, wherein said method comprises the step of: converting the residues to data in binary code, wherein the step of converting the residues to data in binary code is implemented utilizing a second plurality of logic gates.
 76. The method according to claim 72, wherein said plurality of logic gates are selected from the group consisting of: custom digital logic, standard cell logic, cell-based arrays of logic, gate arrays, field programmable gate arrays, and programmable logic devices.
 77. The method according to claim 72, wherein computing, modulo p_(i), values of at least one subgroup of the plurality of bits corresponding to the full sum of the products is implemented without utilizing table lookup operations.
 78. A method for producing a digital logic circuit for performing mathematical computations using residue arithmetic, comprising: providing a means for receiving input data in Quadratic Residue Number System residue format; computing a value of the product of z_(i) minus z_(i)*, and ĵ⁻¹2⁻¹, modulo p_(i) for each possible difference; computing a value of the product of the sum of z_(i), and z_(i)*, and 2⁻¹ for each possible sum; extracting logical equations representing computed values of the multiply by ĵ⁻¹2⁻¹ and multiply by 2⁻¹ functions; and mapping the logical equations to a plurality of logic gates; a means for converting the residues from Quadratic Residue Number System to Complex Residue Number System, wherein the means for converting the residues from Quadratic Residue Number System to Complex Residue Number System comprises a means for computing the product of 2⁻¹ and the sum of the Quadratic Residue Number System residue, z_(i), and z_(i)*, wherein the product of 2⁻¹ and the sum of the Quadratic Residue Number System residue, z_(i), and z_(i)* is the real component of the Complex Residue Number System residue, and a means for computing the product of ĵ⁻¹2⁻¹ and the difference, modulo p_(i), z_(i) minus z_(i)*, wherein the product of ĵ⁻¹2⁻¹ and the difference, modulo p_(i), z_(i) minus z_(i)* is the imaginary component of the Complex Residue Number System residue, wherein the means for computing the product of 2⁻¹ and the sum of the Quadratic Residue Number System residue, z_(i), and z_(i)*, and the means for computing the product of ĵ⁻¹2⁻¹ and the difference, modulo p_(i), z_(i) minus z_(i)* is implemented utilizing comprises the a plurality of logic gates, wherein the means for converting the residues from Quadratic Residue Number System to Complex Residue Number System, the means for computing the product of 2⁻¹ and the sum of the Quadratic Residue Number System residue, z_(i), and z_(i)*, wherein the product of 2⁻¹ and the sum of the Quadratic Residue Number System residue, z_(i), and z_(i)* is the real component of the Complex Residue Number System residue, the means for computing the product of ĵ⁻¹2⁻¹ and the difference, modulo p_(i), z_(i) minus z_(i)*, wherein the product of ĵ⁻¹2⁻¹ and the difference, modulo p_(i), z_(i) minus z_(i)* is the imaginary component of the Complex Residue Number System residue, are a digital logic circuit.
 79. The method according to claim 78, wherein said method comprises the step of: converting the Complex Residue Number System residues to data in binary code, wherein the step of converting the Complex Residue Number System residues to data in binary code is implemented utilizing a second plurality of logic gates.
 80. The method according to claim 78, wherein said plurality of logic gates are selected from the group consisting of: custom digital logic, standard cell logic, cell-based arrays of logic, gate arrays, field programmable gate arrays, and programmable logic devices.
 81. The method according to claim 78, wherein computing the product of 2⁻¹ and the sum of the Quadratic Residue Number System residue, z_(i), and z_(i)*, and computing the product of ĵ⁻¹2⁻¹ and the difference, modulo p_(i), z_(i) minus z_(i)* is implemented without utilizing table lookup operations.
 82. A method for producing a digital logic circuit for performing mathematical computations using residue arithmetic, comprising: providing a means for receiving input data in residue format wherein each residue is an L residue, Residue Number System value; computing a value of a Chinese Remainder Theorem or L-Chinese Remainder Theorem function for each possible residue input; extracting logical equations representing the computed Chinese Remainder Theorem or L-Chinese Remainder Theorem values; and mapping the logical equations to a plurality of logic gates; providing a means for converting the residues to data in binary code, wherein each residue is an L residue, Residue Number System value, wherein the means for converting the residues to data in binary code comprises a means for applying the Chinese Remainder Theorem function or L-Chinese Remainder Theorem function to each of the L residues of each residue to produce L results and modularly adding the L results, wherein the means for applying the Chinese Remainder Theorem function or L-Chinese Remainder Theorem function to each of the L residues of each residue comprises the plurality of logic gates, wherein the means for converting the residues to data in binary code, wherein each residue is an L residue, Residue Number System value, and the means for applying the Chinese Remainder Theorem function or L-Chinese Remainder Theorem function to each of the L residues of each residue to produce L results and modularly adding the L results, are a digital logic circuit.
 83. The method according to claim 82, wherein said plurality of logic gates are selected from the group consisting of: custom digital logic, standard cell logic, cell-based arrays of logic, gate arrays, field programmable gate arrays, and programmable logic devices.
 84. The method according to claim 82, wherein applying the Chinese Remainder Theorem function or L-Chinese Remainder Theorem function to each of the L residues of each Complex Residue Number System residue is implemented without utilizing table lookup operations. 